Jenis-Jenis , Permodalan , dan Peran KOPERASI
1. JENIS - JENIS KOPERASI DI INDONESIA
Koperasi secara umum dapat dikelompokkan menjadi koperasi konsumen, koperasi produsen dan koperasi kredit (jasa keuangan).
Koperasi dapat pula dikelompokkan berdasarkan sektor usahanya.
* Koperasi Simpan Pinjam
* Koperasi Konsumen
* Koperasi Produsen
* Koperasi Pemasaran
* Koperasi Jasa
1. Koperasi Simpan Pinjam adalah koperasi yang bergerak di bidang simpanan dan pinjaman.
2. Koperasi Konsumen adalah koperasi beranggotakan para konsumen dengan menjalankan kegiatannya jual beli menjual barang konsumsi.
3. Koperasi Produsen adalah koperasi beranggotakan para pengusaha kecil menengah(UKM) dengan menjalankan kegiatan pengadaan bahan baku dan penolong untuk anggotanya.
4. Koperasi Pemasaran adalah koperasi yang menjalankan kegiatan penjualan produk/jasa koperasinya atau anggotanya.
5. Koperasi Jasa adalah koperasi yang bergerak di bidang usaha jasa lainnya.
1.1 Jenis-Jenis Koperasi Berdasarkan Fungsi serta Tingkat dan Luas Daerah
A. Jenis koperasi berdasarkan fungsinya :
1. Koperasi Konsumsi
Koperasi ini didirikan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan umum sehari-hari para anggotanya. Yang pasti barang kebutuhan yang dijual di koperasi harus lebih murah dibantingkan di tempat lain, karena koperasi bertujuan untuk mensejahterakan anggotanya.
2. Koperasi Jasa
Fungsinya adalah untuk memberikan jasa keuangan dalam bentuk pinjaman kepada para anggotanya. Tentu bunga yang dipatok harus lebih renda dari tempat meminjam uang yang lain.
3. Koperasi Produksi
Bidang usahanya adalah membantu penyediaan bahan baku, penyediaan peralatan produksi, membantu memproduksi jenis barang tertentu serta membantu menjual dan memasarkannya hasil produksi tersebut. Sebaiknya anggotanya terdiri atas unit produksi yang sejenis. Semakin banyak jumlah penyediaan barang maupun penjualan barang maka semakin kuat daya tawar terhadap suplier dan pembeli.
B. Jenis koperasi berdasarkan tingkat dan luas daerah kerja
1. Koperasi Primer
Koperasi primer ialah koperasi yang yang minimal memiliki anggota sebanyak 20 orang perseorangan.
2. Koperasi Sekunder
Adalah koperasi yang terdiri dari gabungan badan-badan koperasi serta memiliki cakupan daerah kerja yang luas dibandingkan dengan koperasi primer.
Koperasi sekunder dapat dibagi menjadi :
a. koperasi pusat - adalah koperasi yang beranggotakan paling sedikit 5 koperasi primer.
b. gabungan koperasi - adalah koperasi yang anggotanya minimal 3 koperasi pusat.
c. induk koperasi - adalah koperasi yang minimum anggotanya adalah 3 gabungan koperasi.
2. PERMODALAN KOPERASI
Seperti halnya bentuk badan usaha yang lain, untuk menjalankan kegiatan usahanya koperasi memerlukan modal.Adapun modal koperasi terdiri atas modal sendiri dan modal pinjaman.
2.1 Modal sendiri meliputi sumber modal sebagai berikut:
1. Simpanan Pokok
• Simpanan pokok adalah sejumlah uang yang wajib dibayarkan oleh anggota kepada koperasi pada saat masuk menjadi anggota.Simpanan pokok tidak dapat diambil kembali selama yang bersangkutan masih menjadi anggota koperasi. Simpanan pokok jumlahnya sama untuk setiap anggota.
2. Simpanan Wajib
• Simpanan wajib adalah jumlah simpanan tertentu yang harus dibayarkan oleh anggota kepada koperasi dalam waktu dan kesempatan tertentu, misalnya tiap bulan dengan jumlah simpanan yang sama untuk setiap bulannya.Simpanan wajib tidak dapat diambil kembali selama yang bersangkutan masih menjadi anggota koperasi.
3. Simpanan khusus/lain-lain
• Misalnya: Simpanan sukarela (simpanan yang dapat diambil kapan saja), Simpanan Qurba, dan Deposito Berjangka.
4. Dana Cadangan
• Dana cadangan adalah sejumlah uang yang diperoleh dari penyisihan Sisa Hasil usaha, yang dimaksudkan untuk pemupukan modal sendiri, pembagian kepada anggota yang keluar dari keanggotaan koperasi, dan untuk menutup kerugian koperasi bila diperlukan.
5. Hibah
• Hibah adalah sejumlah uang atau barang modal yang dapat dinilai dengan uang yang diterima dari pihak lain yang bersifat hibah/pemberian dan tidak mengikat.
2.2 Adapun modal pinjaman koperasi berasal dari pihak-pihak sebagai berikut:
1. Anggota dan calon anggota.
2. Koperasi lainnya dan/atau anggotanya yang didasari dengan perjanjian kerjasama antarkoperasi.
3. Bank dan Lembaga keuangan bukan banklembaga keuangan lainnya yang dilakukan berdasarkan ketentuan peraturan perudang-undangan yang berlaku.
4. Penerbitan obligasi dan surat utang lainnya yang dilakukan berdasarkan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku.
5. Sumber lain yang sah.
3. PERAN KOPERASI
Menurut Undang-undang No. 25 tahun 1992 Pasal 4 dijelaskan bahwa fungsi dan peran koperasi sebagai berikut:
1. Membangun dan mengembangkan potensi dan kemampuan ekonomi anggota pada khususnya dan masyarakat pada umumnya untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan ekonomi dan sosialnya.
2. Berperan serta secara aktif dalam upaya mempertinggi kualitas kehidupan manusia dan masyarakat.
3. Memperkokoh perekonomian rakyat sebagai dasar kekuatan dan ketahanan perekonomian nasional dengan koperasi sebagai soko-gurunya.
4. Berusaha untuk mewujudkan dan mengembangkan perekonomian nasional, yang merupakan usaha bersama berdasarkan atas asas kekeluargaan dan demokrasi ekonomi.
Kamis, 03 November 2011
Selasa, 25 Oktober 2011
Tugas soft skill tentang koperasi
A.Sejarah Gerakan Koperasi
Gerakan koperasi digagas oleh Robert Owen (1771–1858), yang menerapkannya pertama kali pada usaha pemintalan kapas di New Lanark, Skotlandia.
Gerakan koperasi ini dikembangkan lebih lanjut oleh William King (1786–1865) – dengan mendirikan toko koperasi di Brighton, Inggris. Pada 1 Mei 1828, King menerbitkan publikasi bulanan yang bernama The Cooperator, yang berisi berbagai gagasan dan saran-saran praktis tentang mengelola toko dengan menggunakan prinsip koperasi.
Koperasi akhirnya berkembang di negara-negara lainnya. Di Jerman, juga berdiri koperasi yang menggunakan prinsip-prinsip yang sama dengan koperasi buatan Inggris. Koperasi-koperasi di Inggris didirikan oleh Charles Foirer, Raffeinsen, dan Schulze Delitch. Di Perancis, Louis Blanc mendirikan koperasi produksi yang mengutamakan kualitas barang. Di Denmark Pastor Christiansone mendirikan koperasi pertanian.
Gerakan Koperasi di Indonesia
Koperasi diperkenalkan di Indonesia oleh R. Aria Wiriatmadja di Purwokerto, Jawa Tengah pada tahun 1896. Dia mendirikan koperasi kredit dengan tujuan membantu rakyatnya yang terjerat hutang dengan rentenir. Koperasi tersebut lalu berkembang pesat dan akhirnya ditiru oleh Boedi Oetomo dan SDI.
Belanda yang khawatir koperasi akan dijadikan tempat pusat perlawanan, mengeluarkan UU no. 431 tahun 19 yang isinya yaitu :
1. Harus membayar minimal 50 gulden untuk mendirikan koperasi
2. Sistem usaha harus menyerupai sistem di Eropa
3. Harus mendapat persetujuan dari Gubernur Jendral
4. Proposal pengajuan harus berbahasa Belanda
Hal ini menyebabkan koperasi yang ada saat itu berjatuhan karena tidak mendapatkan izin Koperasi dari Belanda. Namun setelah para tokoh Indonesia mengajukan protes, Belanda akhirnya mengeluarkan UU no. 91 pada tahun 1927, yang isinya lebih ringan dari UU no. 431 seperti :
1. Hanya membayar 3 gulden untuk materai
2. Bisa menggunakan bahasa daerah
3. Hukum dagang sesuai daerah masing-masing
4. Perizinan bisa didaerah setempat
Koperasi menjamur kembali hingga pada tahun 1933 keluar UU yang mirip UU no. 431 sehingga mematikan usaha koperasi untuk yang kedua kalinya. Pada tahun 1942 Jepang menduduki Indonesia. Jepang lalu mendirikan Koperasi Kumiyai. Awalnya koperasi ini berjalan mulus. Namun fungsinya berubah drastis dan menjadi alat jepang untuk mengeruk keuntungan, dan menyengsarakan rakyat.
Setelah Indonesia merdeka, pada tanggal 12 Juli 1947, pergerakan koperasi di Indonesia mengadakan Kongres Koperasi yang pertama di Tasikmalaya. Hari ini kemudian ditetapkan sebagai Hari Koperasi Indonesia.
B. Pengertian dan Prinsip Dasar Koperasi
Koperasi adalah badan usaha yang beranggotakan orang-orang atau badan hukum koperasi dengan melandaskan kegiatannya berdasarkan prinsip koperasi sekaligus sebagai gerakan ekonomi rakyat yang berdasarkan asas kekeluargaan. Koperasi bertujuan untuk menyejahterakan anggotanya.
Berdasarkan pengertian tersebut, yang dapat menjadi anggota koperasi yaitu:
1. Perorangan, yaitu orang yang secara sukarela menjadi anggota koperasi;
2. Badan hukum koperasi, yaitu suatu koperasi yang menjadi anggota koperasi yang memiliki lingkup lebih luas.
Pada Pernyataan Standard Akuntansi Keuangan (PSAK) No. 27 (Revisi 1998), disebutkan bahwa karateristik utama koperasi yang membedakan dengan badan usaha lain, yaitu anggota koperasi memiliki identitas ganda. Identitas ganda maksudnya anggota koperasi merupakan pemilik sekaligus pengguna jasa koperasi.
Umumnya koperasi dikendalikan secara bersama oleh seluruh anggotanya, dimana setiap anggota memiliki hak suara yang sama dalam setiap keputusan yang diambil koperasi. Pembagian keuntungan koperasi (biasa disebut Sisa Hasil Usaha atau SHU) biasanya dihitung berdasarkan andil anggota tersebut dalam koperasi, misalnya dengan melakukan pembagian dividen berdasarkan besar pembelian atau penjualan yang dilakukan oleh si anggota.
Prinsip Koperasi
Menurut UU No. 25 tahun 1992 Pasal 5 disebutkan prinsip koperasi, yaitu :
1. Koperasi Simpan Pinjam
adalah koperasi yang bergerak di bidang simpanan dan pinjaman
2. Koperasi Konsumen
koperasi beranggotakan para konsumen dengan menjalankan kegiatannya jual beli menjual barang konsumsi
3. Koperasi Produsen
koperasi beranggotakan para pengusaha kecil (UKM) dengan menjalankan kegiatan pengadaan bahan baku dan penolong untuk anggotanya.
4. Koperasi Pemasaran
koperasi yang menjalankan kegiatan penjualan produk/jasa koperasinya atau anggotanya
5. Koperasi Jasa
Koperasi yang bergerak di bidang usaha jasa lainnya.
Keanggotaanya sukarela dan terbuka. Yang keanggotaanya bersifat sukarela terbuka bagi semua orang yang bersedia mengunakan jasa jasanya, dan bersedia menerima tanggung jawab keanggotaan tanpa membedakan gender.
Pengawasan oleh anggota secara Demokratis. Anggota yang secara aktif menetapkan kebijakan dan membuat keputusan. Laki laki dan perempuan yang dipilih sebagai pengurus atau pengawas bertanggung jawab kepada rapat anggota. Dalam koperasi primer, anggota memiliki hak suara yang sama (satu anggota satu suara). Pada tingkatan lain koperasi juga dikelola secara demokratis.
Partisipasi anggota dalam kegiatan ekonomi. Anggota menyetorkan modal mereka secara adil dan melakukan pengawasan secara demokratis. Sebagian dari modal tersebut adalah milik bersama. Bila ada balas jasa terhadap modal diberikan secara terbatas. Anggota mengalokasikan SHU untuk beberapa atau semua tujuan seperti di bawah ini :
- Mengembangkan koperasi. Caranya dengan membentuk dana cadangan, yang sebagian dari dana itu tidak dapat dibagikan.
- Dibagikan kepada anggota. Caranya seimbang berdasarkan trnsaksi mereka dengan koperasi.
- Mendukung kegiatan lainnya yang disepakati dalam rapat anggota.
Otonomi dan kemandirian. Koperasi adalah organisasi yang otonom dan mandiri yang di awasi oleh anggotanya. Dalam setiap perjanjian dengan pihak luar ataupun dalam, syaratnya harus tetap menjamin adanya upaya pengawasan demokratis dari anggota dan tetap mempertahankan otonomi koperasi.
Pendidikan, Pelatihan, dan Informasi. Tujuanya adalah agar mereka dapat melaksanakan tugas dengan lebih efektif bagi perkembangan koperasi. Koperasi memberikan informasi kepada masyarakat umum, mengenai hakekat dan manfaat berkoperasi.
Kerja sama antar koperasi. Dengan bekerja sama secara lokal, nasional, regional dan internasional maka gerakan koperasi dapat melayani anggotanya dengan efektif serat dapat memperkuat gerakan koperasi.
Kepedulian terhadap masyarakat. Koperasi melakukan kegiatan untuk pengembangan masyarakat sekitarnya secara berkelanjutan melalui kebikjakan yang diputuskan oleh rapat anggota.
C. Fungsi dan Tujuan Koperasi
Fungsi dan Peran Koperasi
Sebagaimana dikemukakan dalam pasal 4 UU No. 25 Tahun 1992, fungsi dan peran koperasi di Indonesia seperti berikut ini.
1) Membangun dan mengembangkan potensi serta kemampuan ekonomi anggota pada khususnya dan masyarakat pada umumnya untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan ekonomi dan sosial Potensi dan kemampuan ekonomi para anggota koperasi pada umumnya relatif kecil. Melalui koperasi, potensi dan kemampuan ekonomi yang kecil itu dihimpun sebagai satu kesatuan, sehingga dapat membentuk kekuatan yang lebih besar. Dengan demikian koperasi akan memiliki peluang yang lebih besar dalam meningkatkan kesejahteraan ekonomi dan sosial masyarakat pada umumnya dan anggota koperasi pada khususnya.
2) Turut serta secara aktif dalam upaya meningkatkan kualitas kehidupan manusia dan masyarakat Selain diharapkan untuk dapat meningkatkan kesejahteraan ekonomi para anggotanya, koperasi juga diharapkan dapat memenuhi fungsinya sebagai wadah kerja sama ekonomi yang mampu meningkatkan kualitas kehidupan manusia dan masyarakat pada umumnya. Peningkatan kualitas kehidupan hanya bisa dicapai koperasi jika ia dapat mengembangkan kemampuannya dalam membangun dan meningkatkan kesejahteraan ekonomi anggota-anggotanya serta masyarakat disekitarnya.
3) Memperkokoh perekonomian rakyat sebagai dasar kekuatan dan ketahanan perekonomian nasional Koperasi adalah satu-satunya bentuk perusahaan yang dikelola secara demokratis. Berdasarkan sifat seperti itu maka koperasi diharapkan dapat memainkan peranannya dalam menggalang dan memperkokoh perekonomian rakyat. Oleh karena itu koperasi harus berusaha sekuat tenaga agar memiliki kinerja usaha yang tangguh dan efisien. Sebab hanya dengan cara itulah koperasi dapat menjadikan perekonomian rakyat sebagai dasar kekuatan dan ketahanan perekonomian nasional.
4) Berusaha untuk mewujudkan dan mengembangkan perekonomian nasional yang merupakan usaha bersama berdasarkan atas asas kekeluargaan dan demokrasi ekonomi Sebagai salah satu pelaku ekonomi dalam sistem perekonomian Indonesia, koperasi mempunyai tanggung jawab untuk mengembangkan perekonomian nasional bersama-sama dengan pelaku-pelaku ekonomi lainnya. Namun koperasi mempunyai sifat-sifat khusus yang berbeda dari sifat bentuk perusahaan lainnya, maka koperasi menempati kedudukan yang sangat penting dalam sistem perekonomian Indonesia. Dengan demikian koperasi harus mempunyai kesungguhan untuk memiliki usaha yang sehat dan tangguh, sehingga dengan cara tersebut koperasi dapat mengemban amanat dengan baik.
Manfaat Koperasi
Berdasarkan fungsi dan peran koperasi, maka manfaat koperasi dapat dibagi menjadi dua bidang, yaitu manfaat koperasi di bidang ekonomi dan manfaat koperasi di bidang sosial.
Manfaat Koperasi di Bidang Ekonomi
Berikut ini beberapa manfaat koperasi di bidang ekonomi.
a) Meningkatkan penghasilan anggota-anggotanya. Sisa hasil usaha yang diperoleh koperasi dibagikan kembali kepada para anggotanya sesuai dengan jasa dan aktivitasnya.
b) Menawarkan barang dan jasa dengan harga yang lebih murah. Barang dan jasa yang ditawarkan oleh koperasi lebih murah dari yang ditawarkan di toko-toko. Hal ini bertujuan agar barang dan jasa mampu dibeli para anggota koperasi yang kurang mampu.
c) Menumbuhkan motif berusaha yang berperikemanusiaan. Kegiatan koperasi tidak semata-mata mencari keuntungan tetapi melayani dengan baik keperluan anggotanya.
d) Menumbuhkan sikap jujur dan keterbukaan dalam pengelolaan koperasi. Setiap anggota berhak menjadi pengurus koperasi dan berhak mengetahui laporan keuangan koperasi.
e) Melatih masyarakat untuk menggunakan pendapatannya secara lebih efektif dan membiasakan untuk hidup hemat.
Manfaat Koperasi di Bidang Sosial
Di bidang sosial, koperasi mempunyai beberapa manfaat berikut ini.
a) Mendorong terwujudnya kehidupan masyarakat damai dan tenteram.
b) Mendorong terwujudnya aturan yang manusiawi yang dibangun tidak di atas hubungan-hubungan kebendaan tetapi di atas rasa kekeluargaan.
c) Mendidik anggota-anggotanya untuk memiliki semangat kerja sama dan semangat kekeluargaan.
Gerakan koperasi digagas oleh Robert Owen (1771–1858), yang menerapkannya pertama kali pada usaha pemintalan kapas di New Lanark, Skotlandia.
Gerakan koperasi ini dikembangkan lebih lanjut oleh William King (1786–1865) – dengan mendirikan toko koperasi di Brighton, Inggris. Pada 1 Mei 1828, King menerbitkan publikasi bulanan yang bernama The Cooperator, yang berisi berbagai gagasan dan saran-saran praktis tentang mengelola toko dengan menggunakan prinsip koperasi.
Koperasi akhirnya berkembang di negara-negara lainnya. Di Jerman, juga berdiri koperasi yang menggunakan prinsip-prinsip yang sama dengan koperasi buatan Inggris. Koperasi-koperasi di Inggris didirikan oleh Charles Foirer, Raffeinsen, dan Schulze Delitch. Di Perancis, Louis Blanc mendirikan koperasi produksi yang mengutamakan kualitas barang. Di Denmark Pastor Christiansone mendirikan koperasi pertanian.
Gerakan Koperasi di Indonesia
Koperasi diperkenalkan di Indonesia oleh R. Aria Wiriatmadja di Purwokerto, Jawa Tengah pada tahun 1896. Dia mendirikan koperasi kredit dengan tujuan membantu rakyatnya yang terjerat hutang dengan rentenir. Koperasi tersebut lalu berkembang pesat dan akhirnya ditiru oleh Boedi Oetomo dan SDI.
Belanda yang khawatir koperasi akan dijadikan tempat pusat perlawanan, mengeluarkan UU no. 431 tahun 19 yang isinya yaitu :
1. Harus membayar minimal 50 gulden untuk mendirikan koperasi
2. Sistem usaha harus menyerupai sistem di Eropa
3. Harus mendapat persetujuan dari Gubernur Jendral
4. Proposal pengajuan harus berbahasa Belanda
Hal ini menyebabkan koperasi yang ada saat itu berjatuhan karena tidak mendapatkan izin Koperasi dari Belanda. Namun setelah para tokoh Indonesia mengajukan protes, Belanda akhirnya mengeluarkan UU no. 91 pada tahun 1927, yang isinya lebih ringan dari UU no. 431 seperti :
1. Hanya membayar 3 gulden untuk materai
2. Bisa menggunakan bahasa daerah
3. Hukum dagang sesuai daerah masing-masing
4. Perizinan bisa didaerah setempat
Koperasi menjamur kembali hingga pada tahun 1933 keluar UU yang mirip UU no. 431 sehingga mematikan usaha koperasi untuk yang kedua kalinya. Pada tahun 1942 Jepang menduduki Indonesia. Jepang lalu mendirikan Koperasi Kumiyai. Awalnya koperasi ini berjalan mulus. Namun fungsinya berubah drastis dan menjadi alat jepang untuk mengeruk keuntungan, dan menyengsarakan rakyat.
Setelah Indonesia merdeka, pada tanggal 12 Juli 1947, pergerakan koperasi di Indonesia mengadakan Kongres Koperasi yang pertama di Tasikmalaya. Hari ini kemudian ditetapkan sebagai Hari Koperasi Indonesia.
B. Pengertian dan Prinsip Dasar Koperasi
Koperasi adalah badan usaha yang beranggotakan orang-orang atau badan hukum koperasi dengan melandaskan kegiatannya berdasarkan prinsip koperasi sekaligus sebagai gerakan ekonomi rakyat yang berdasarkan asas kekeluargaan. Koperasi bertujuan untuk menyejahterakan anggotanya.
Berdasarkan pengertian tersebut, yang dapat menjadi anggota koperasi yaitu:
1. Perorangan, yaitu orang yang secara sukarela menjadi anggota koperasi;
2. Badan hukum koperasi, yaitu suatu koperasi yang menjadi anggota koperasi yang memiliki lingkup lebih luas.
Pada Pernyataan Standard Akuntansi Keuangan (PSAK) No. 27 (Revisi 1998), disebutkan bahwa karateristik utama koperasi yang membedakan dengan badan usaha lain, yaitu anggota koperasi memiliki identitas ganda. Identitas ganda maksudnya anggota koperasi merupakan pemilik sekaligus pengguna jasa koperasi.
Umumnya koperasi dikendalikan secara bersama oleh seluruh anggotanya, dimana setiap anggota memiliki hak suara yang sama dalam setiap keputusan yang diambil koperasi. Pembagian keuntungan koperasi (biasa disebut Sisa Hasil Usaha atau SHU) biasanya dihitung berdasarkan andil anggota tersebut dalam koperasi, misalnya dengan melakukan pembagian dividen berdasarkan besar pembelian atau penjualan yang dilakukan oleh si anggota.
Prinsip Koperasi
Menurut UU No. 25 tahun 1992 Pasal 5 disebutkan prinsip koperasi, yaitu :
1. Koperasi Simpan Pinjam
adalah koperasi yang bergerak di bidang simpanan dan pinjaman
2. Koperasi Konsumen
koperasi beranggotakan para konsumen dengan menjalankan kegiatannya jual beli menjual barang konsumsi
3. Koperasi Produsen
koperasi beranggotakan para pengusaha kecil (UKM) dengan menjalankan kegiatan pengadaan bahan baku dan penolong untuk anggotanya.
4. Koperasi Pemasaran
koperasi yang menjalankan kegiatan penjualan produk/jasa koperasinya atau anggotanya
5. Koperasi Jasa
Koperasi yang bergerak di bidang usaha jasa lainnya.
Keanggotaanya sukarela dan terbuka. Yang keanggotaanya bersifat sukarela terbuka bagi semua orang yang bersedia mengunakan jasa jasanya, dan bersedia menerima tanggung jawab keanggotaan tanpa membedakan gender.
Pengawasan oleh anggota secara Demokratis. Anggota yang secara aktif menetapkan kebijakan dan membuat keputusan. Laki laki dan perempuan yang dipilih sebagai pengurus atau pengawas bertanggung jawab kepada rapat anggota. Dalam koperasi primer, anggota memiliki hak suara yang sama (satu anggota satu suara). Pada tingkatan lain koperasi juga dikelola secara demokratis.
Partisipasi anggota dalam kegiatan ekonomi. Anggota menyetorkan modal mereka secara adil dan melakukan pengawasan secara demokratis. Sebagian dari modal tersebut adalah milik bersama. Bila ada balas jasa terhadap modal diberikan secara terbatas. Anggota mengalokasikan SHU untuk beberapa atau semua tujuan seperti di bawah ini :
- Mengembangkan koperasi. Caranya dengan membentuk dana cadangan, yang sebagian dari dana itu tidak dapat dibagikan.
- Dibagikan kepada anggota. Caranya seimbang berdasarkan trnsaksi mereka dengan koperasi.
- Mendukung kegiatan lainnya yang disepakati dalam rapat anggota.
Otonomi dan kemandirian. Koperasi adalah organisasi yang otonom dan mandiri yang di awasi oleh anggotanya. Dalam setiap perjanjian dengan pihak luar ataupun dalam, syaratnya harus tetap menjamin adanya upaya pengawasan demokratis dari anggota dan tetap mempertahankan otonomi koperasi.
Pendidikan, Pelatihan, dan Informasi. Tujuanya adalah agar mereka dapat melaksanakan tugas dengan lebih efektif bagi perkembangan koperasi. Koperasi memberikan informasi kepada masyarakat umum, mengenai hakekat dan manfaat berkoperasi.
Kerja sama antar koperasi. Dengan bekerja sama secara lokal, nasional, regional dan internasional maka gerakan koperasi dapat melayani anggotanya dengan efektif serat dapat memperkuat gerakan koperasi.
Kepedulian terhadap masyarakat. Koperasi melakukan kegiatan untuk pengembangan masyarakat sekitarnya secara berkelanjutan melalui kebikjakan yang diputuskan oleh rapat anggota.
C. Fungsi dan Tujuan Koperasi
Fungsi dan Peran Koperasi
Sebagaimana dikemukakan dalam pasal 4 UU No. 25 Tahun 1992, fungsi dan peran koperasi di Indonesia seperti berikut ini.
1) Membangun dan mengembangkan potensi serta kemampuan ekonomi anggota pada khususnya dan masyarakat pada umumnya untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan ekonomi dan sosial Potensi dan kemampuan ekonomi para anggota koperasi pada umumnya relatif kecil. Melalui koperasi, potensi dan kemampuan ekonomi yang kecil itu dihimpun sebagai satu kesatuan, sehingga dapat membentuk kekuatan yang lebih besar. Dengan demikian koperasi akan memiliki peluang yang lebih besar dalam meningkatkan kesejahteraan ekonomi dan sosial masyarakat pada umumnya dan anggota koperasi pada khususnya.
2) Turut serta secara aktif dalam upaya meningkatkan kualitas kehidupan manusia dan masyarakat Selain diharapkan untuk dapat meningkatkan kesejahteraan ekonomi para anggotanya, koperasi juga diharapkan dapat memenuhi fungsinya sebagai wadah kerja sama ekonomi yang mampu meningkatkan kualitas kehidupan manusia dan masyarakat pada umumnya. Peningkatan kualitas kehidupan hanya bisa dicapai koperasi jika ia dapat mengembangkan kemampuannya dalam membangun dan meningkatkan kesejahteraan ekonomi anggota-anggotanya serta masyarakat disekitarnya.
3) Memperkokoh perekonomian rakyat sebagai dasar kekuatan dan ketahanan perekonomian nasional Koperasi adalah satu-satunya bentuk perusahaan yang dikelola secara demokratis. Berdasarkan sifat seperti itu maka koperasi diharapkan dapat memainkan peranannya dalam menggalang dan memperkokoh perekonomian rakyat. Oleh karena itu koperasi harus berusaha sekuat tenaga agar memiliki kinerja usaha yang tangguh dan efisien. Sebab hanya dengan cara itulah koperasi dapat menjadikan perekonomian rakyat sebagai dasar kekuatan dan ketahanan perekonomian nasional.
4) Berusaha untuk mewujudkan dan mengembangkan perekonomian nasional yang merupakan usaha bersama berdasarkan atas asas kekeluargaan dan demokrasi ekonomi Sebagai salah satu pelaku ekonomi dalam sistem perekonomian Indonesia, koperasi mempunyai tanggung jawab untuk mengembangkan perekonomian nasional bersama-sama dengan pelaku-pelaku ekonomi lainnya. Namun koperasi mempunyai sifat-sifat khusus yang berbeda dari sifat bentuk perusahaan lainnya, maka koperasi menempati kedudukan yang sangat penting dalam sistem perekonomian Indonesia. Dengan demikian koperasi harus mempunyai kesungguhan untuk memiliki usaha yang sehat dan tangguh, sehingga dengan cara tersebut koperasi dapat mengemban amanat dengan baik.
Manfaat Koperasi
Berdasarkan fungsi dan peran koperasi, maka manfaat koperasi dapat dibagi menjadi dua bidang, yaitu manfaat koperasi di bidang ekonomi dan manfaat koperasi di bidang sosial.
Manfaat Koperasi di Bidang Ekonomi
Berikut ini beberapa manfaat koperasi di bidang ekonomi.
a) Meningkatkan penghasilan anggota-anggotanya. Sisa hasil usaha yang diperoleh koperasi dibagikan kembali kepada para anggotanya sesuai dengan jasa dan aktivitasnya.
b) Menawarkan barang dan jasa dengan harga yang lebih murah. Barang dan jasa yang ditawarkan oleh koperasi lebih murah dari yang ditawarkan di toko-toko. Hal ini bertujuan agar barang dan jasa mampu dibeli para anggota koperasi yang kurang mampu.
c) Menumbuhkan motif berusaha yang berperikemanusiaan. Kegiatan koperasi tidak semata-mata mencari keuntungan tetapi melayani dengan baik keperluan anggotanya.
d) Menumbuhkan sikap jujur dan keterbukaan dalam pengelolaan koperasi. Setiap anggota berhak menjadi pengurus koperasi dan berhak mengetahui laporan keuangan koperasi.
e) Melatih masyarakat untuk menggunakan pendapatannya secara lebih efektif dan membiasakan untuk hidup hemat.
Manfaat Koperasi di Bidang Sosial
Di bidang sosial, koperasi mempunyai beberapa manfaat berikut ini.
a) Mendorong terwujudnya kehidupan masyarakat damai dan tenteram.
b) Mendorong terwujudnya aturan yang manusiawi yang dibangun tidak di atas hubungan-hubungan kebendaan tetapi di atas rasa kekeluargaan.
c) Mendidik anggota-anggotanya untuk memiliki semangat kerja sama dan semangat kekeluargaan.
Kamis, 26 Mei 2011
Writing/Tulisan 10
The spirit of Indonesia
Come son of the nation
Harumkan country
Make us proud
Indonesia
Jayalah country
Beloved homeland
Indonesian feast
Jayalah country
Beloved homeland
Indonesian feast
Garuda in my chest
Garuda's pride
I'm sure this day would win ..
Wage spirit
Indicate your wishes
I'm sure this day would win ..
Come son of the nation
Harumkan country
Make us proud
Indonesia
Jayalah country
Beloved homeland
Indonesian feast
Jayalah country
Beloved homeland
Indonesian feast
Garuda in my chest
Garuda's pride
I'm sure this day would win ..
Wage spirit
Indicate your wishes
I'm sure this day would win ..
Writing/tulisan 9
Friendship Poems
Dudung and Maman origin citaman
try his fortune in overseas
hard work foraging
although wages are not commensurate
they were always together
in love or grief
never despair
Dudung and Maman has promised
striving to achieve dreams
if successful will return later
to woo sweetheart
they had sworn
though sports are tired
will never surrender
Dudung friendship Maman
was never cracked by age
Dudung friendship Maman
conquer the world together
they were always together
in love or grief
never despair
they had sworn
though sports are tired
will never surrender
Dudung friendship Maman
was never cracked by age
Dudung friendship Maman
conquer the world together
Dudung and Maman origin citaman
try his fortune in overseas
hard work foraging
although wages are not commensurate
they were always together
in love or grief
never despair
Dudung and Maman has promised
striving to achieve dreams
if successful will return later
to woo sweetheart
they had sworn
though sports are tired
will never surrender
Dudung friendship Maman
was never cracked by age
Dudung friendship Maman
conquer the world together
they were always together
in love or grief
never despair
they had sworn
though sports are tired
will never surrender
Dudung friendship Maman
was never cracked by age
Dudung friendship Maman
conquer the world together
Writing/tulisan 8
Poems about environment
Pertiwi now grieving,
Pertiwi now shouting,
Memangil, search,
Where humans are
Mother said
Are there any men who would serve
Spill lava in Yogyakarta,
I gave the flood to Mentawai
I have sent the flood to Wasior,
Dab I made Jakarta submerged,
Forest, wealth,
Have you stolen by force,
You stole the entire contents of my stomach ...
I just want you to protect for me to survive,
And can give the breath of life for human mu
Protect me, and do not seize the right to mine
I cried because you were hurt,
And you're crying after I spill my guts
Pertiwi now grieving,
Pertiwi now shouting,
Memangil, search,
Where humans are
Mother said
Are there any men who would serve
Spill lava in Yogyakarta,
I gave the flood to Mentawai
I have sent the flood to Wasior,
Dab I made Jakarta submerged,
Forest, wealth,
Have you stolen by force,
You stole the entire contents of my stomach ...
I just want you to protect for me to survive,
And can give the breath of life for human mu
Protect me, and do not seize the right to mine
I cried because you were hurt,
And you're crying after I spill my guts
Writing/tulisan 7
Mother
I was born with nothing,
You taught me everything,
Raised me with all efforts,
I hope not, those who were useful ..
When I cry in fear,
You who calmed me down ..
And when I fell ill,
You are always on my side ..
You menegurku when I'm wrong,
You reminded me when I forget,
You cheer me when I'm sad,
Thou cure me when I was injured ..
Now I have grown,
Trying to pursue and achieve my goals,
Hoping not to be useful,
For the sake of realizing the hopes and dreams of the family ..
Thank you mom,
You are everything to me,
Without you now I is not nothing,
His unrequited love to me not of all time ...
I was born with nothing,
You taught me everything,
Raised me with all efforts,
I hope not, those who were useful ..
When I cry in fear,
You who calmed me down ..
And when I fell ill,
You are always on my side ..
You menegurku when I'm wrong,
You reminded me when I forget,
You cheer me when I'm sad,
Thou cure me when I was injured ..
Now I have grown,
Trying to pursue and achieve my goals,
Hoping not to be useful,
For the sake of realizing the hopes and dreams of the family ..
Thank you mom,
You are everything to me,
Without you now I is not nothing,
His unrequited love to me not of all time ...
Writing/tulisan 6
Mountain high above the ground
Misty white and bright
Cool weather in the morning
Nan broad green rice fields
Poems about nature
The water in the lake is very cool
Morning dew falling on leaves
Very cool waterfall
And the cool evening dew
Blue water color beach
The air is very cool morning on the beach
On the beach there is a place auction turtle
And the vast sea
The sun is warm
Illuminate the natural environment
Sunlight is good for your body
Make the day seem bright
Misty white and bright
Cool weather in the morning
Nan broad green rice fields
Poems about nature
The water in the lake is very cool
Morning dew falling on leaves
Very cool waterfall
And the cool evening dew
Blue water color beach
The air is very cool morning on the beach
On the beach there is a place auction turtle
And the vast sea
The sun is warm
Illuminate the natural environment
Sunlight is good for your body
Make the day seem bright
Writing/tulisan 5
Because Of You
if ever you wondered if you touched my soul, yes you do.
Since I met you I'm not the same. You bring life to everything I
do. Just the way you say hello. With one touch I can't let go.
Never thought I'd fall in love with you.
Ch Because of you. My life has changed. Thank you for the love
and the joy you bring. Because of you I feel no shame. I'll tell
the world it's because of you.
Sometimes I get lonely and all I gotta do is think of you. You
captured something inside of me. You make all of my dreams
come true. It's not enough that you love me for me. You reached
inside and touched me internally. I love you best explains how
I feel for you.
Ch Because of you. My life has changed. Thank you for the love
and the joy you bring. Because of you I feel no shame. I'll tell
the world it's because of you.
The magic in your eyes, true love I can't deny. When you hold
me I just lose control. I want you to know that I'm never letting
go. You mean so much to me, I want the world to see it's
because of you.
Ch Because of you. My life has changed. Thank you for the love
and the joy you bring. Because of you I feel no shame. I'll tell
the world it's because of you. My life has changed. Thank you for the love and
joy you bring. Because of you I feel no shame. I'll tell the world it's because of you.
if ever you wondered if you touched my soul, yes you do.
Since I met you I'm not the same. You bring life to everything I
do. Just the way you say hello. With one touch I can't let go.
Never thought I'd fall in love with you.
Ch Because of you. My life has changed. Thank you for the love
and the joy you bring. Because of you I feel no shame. I'll tell
the world it's because of you.
Sometimes I get lonely and all I gotta do is think of you. You
captured something inside of me. You make all of my dreams
come true. It's not enough that you love me for me. You reached
inside and touched me internally. I love you best explains how
I feel for you.
Ch Because of you. My life has changed. Thank you for the love
and the joy you bring. Because of you I feel no shame. I'll tell
the world it's because of you.
The magic in your eyes, true love I can't deny. When you hold
me I just lose control. I want you to know that I'm never letting
go. You mean so much to me, I want the world to see it's
because of you.
Ch Because of you. My life has changed. Thank you for the love
and the joy you bring. Because of you I feel no shame. I'll tell
the world it's because of you. My life has changed. Thank you for the love and
joy you bring. Because of you I feel no shame. I'll tell the world it's because of you.
Writing/Tulisan 4
First sight
My old kept his chest
Admire your beautiful, beautiful oh
Can no longer kuucap words
Bisuku awed silence
And if one day you be mine
I took off you would not, oh love
And if time allow me to wait ...
yourself ...
Wherever I guess I fall in love
At first sight
It's hard for me to be able to
Stop admiring herself
As time goes by
Eventually the two of us met
Oh me blush
Seeing the attitude that funny ...
Oh God please help me
'Tuk make him mine
My dear oh my love my love
She's All That I need ...
And when we are together
Kan kujaga yourself forever
Oh thank my love ...
My old kept his chest
Admire your beautiful, beautiful oh
Can no longer kuucap words
Bisuku awed silence
And if one day you be mine
I took off you would not, oh love
And if time allow me to wait ...
yourself ...
Wherever I guess I fall in love
At first sight
It's hard for me to be able to
Stop admiring herself
As time goes by
Eventually the two of us met
Oh me blush
Seeing the attitude that funny ...
Oh God please help me
'Tuk make him mine
My dear oh my love my love
She's All That I need ...
And when we are together
Kan kujaga yourself forever
Oh thank my love ...
Writing/tulisan 3
Squid liver
God please help
Remove him from my heart
Now all useless
No right may occur
The love story is always me proud
You hempas all
Period yamng created for you
Without ever seen
How I try
So the best for yourself
Oh why could not you
Who loves me and what it tuluh
I'm not a perfect man
But my beloved feasible because of sincerity
Now let time answer all
Ask me..
Without ever seen
How I try
So the best for yourself
The time it answered all
Ask me ..
God please help
Remove him from my heart
Now all useless
No right may occur
The love story is always me proud
You hempas all
Period yamng created for you
Without ever seen
How I try
So the best for yourself
Oh why could not you
Who loves me and what it tuluh
I'm not a perfect man
But my beloved feasible because of sincerity
Now let time answer all
Ask me..
Without ever seen
How I try
So the best for yourself
The time it answered all
Ask me ..
Wriring/tulisan 2
Makes me Wonder
I wake up with blood-shot eyes
Struggled to memorize
The way it felt between your thighs
Pleasure that made you cry
Feels so good to be bad
Not worth the aftermath, after that
After that
Try to get you back
I still don’t have the reason
And you don’t have the time
And it really makes me wonder
If I ever gave a fuck about you
Give me something to believe in
Cause I don’t believe in you anymore
Anymore
I wonder if it even makes a difference to try
So this is goodbye
god damn, my spinning head
Decisions that made my bed
Now I must lay in it
And deal with things I left unsaid
I want to dive into you
Forget what you’re going through
I get behind, make your move
Forget about the truth
I still don’t have the reason
And you don’t have the time
And it really makes me wonder
If I ever gave a fuck about you
Give me something to believe in
Cause I don’t believe in you anymore
Anymore
I wonder if it even makes a difference,
It even makes a difference to try
And you told me how you’re feeling
But I don’t believe it’s true anymore
Anymore
I wonder if it even makes a difference to cry
(Oh no)
So this is goodbye
I’ve been here before
One day a week
And it won’t hurt anymore
You caught me in a lie
I have no alibi
The word is set on how to mean me
Cause
I still don’t have the reason
And you don’t have the time
And it really makes me wonder
If I ever gave a fuck about you
And I…and so this is goodbye
Give me something to believe in
Cause I don’t believe in you anymore
Anymore
I wonder if it even makes a difference,
It even makes a difference to try
And you told me how you’re feeling
But I don’t believe it’s true anymore
Anymore
I wonder if it even makes a difference to cry
So this is goodbye
So this is goodbye, yeah
So this is goodbye, yeah
So this is goodbye, yeah
I wake up with blood-shot eyes
Struggled to memorize
The way it felt between your thighs
Pleasure that made you cry
Feels so good to be bad
Not worth the aftermath, after that
After that
Try to get you back
I still don’t have the reason
And you don’t have the time
And it really makes me wonder
If I ever gave a fuck about you
Give me something to believe in
Cause I don’t believe in you anymore
Anymore
I wonder if it even makes a difference to try
So this is goodbye
god damn, my spinning head
Decisions that made my bed
Now I must lay in it
And deal with things I left unsaid
I want to dive into you
Forget what you’re going through
I get behind, make your move
Forget about the truth
I still don’t have the reason
And you don’t have the time
And it really makes me wonder
If I ever gave a fuck about you
Give me something to believe in
Cause I don’t believe in you anymore
Anymore
I wonder if it even makes a difference,
It even makes a difference to try
And you told me how you’re feeling
But I don’t believe it’s true anymore
Anymore
I wonder if it even makes a difference to cry
(Oh no)
So this is goodbye
I’ve been here before
One day a week
And it won’t hurt anymore
You caught me in a lie
I have no alibi
The word is set on how to mean me
Cause
I still don’t have the reason
And you don’t have the time
And it really makes me wonder
If I ever gave a fuck about you
And I…and so this is goodbye
Give me something to believe in
Cause I don’t believe in you anymore
Anymore
I wonder if it even makes a difference,
It even makes a difference to try
And you told me how you’re feeling
But I don’t believe it’s true anymore
Anymore
I wonder if it even makes a difference to cry
So this is goodbye
So this is goodbye, yeah
So this is goodbye, yeah
So this is goodbye, yeah
Writing/tulisan 1
I Caught Myself
Down to you you're pushing and pulling me down to you
But I do not know what I
Now when I caught myself
I had to stop myself
From saying something
That I should've never thought
Now when I caught myself
I had to stop myself
From saying something
That I should've never thought of you, of you
You're pushing and pulling me down to you
But I don't know what I want
No, I don't know what I want
You got it you got it
Some kind of magic
Hypnotic hypnotic
You're leaving me breathless
Say "hate this" say "hate this"
You're not the one I believe in
Well, God is my witness
Now when I caught myself
I had to stop myself
From saying something
That I should've never thought
Now when I caught myself
I had to stop myself
From saying something
That I should've never thought of you, of you
You're pushing and pulling me down to you
But I don't know what I want
No, I don't know what I want
Don't know what I want
But I know that it's not you
Keep pushing and pulling me down
But I know in my heart that is not you
Now when I caught myself
I had to stop myself
From saying something
That I should've never thought
Now when I caught myself
I had to stop myself
From saying something
That I should've never thought of you
I knew, I know in my heart it's not you
I know, but now I know what I want
I want I want
Oh no, I've should have never thought
Down to you you're pushing and pulling me down to you
But I do not know what I
Now when I caught myself
I had to stop myself
From saying something
That I should've never thought
Now when I caught myself
I had to stop myself
From saying something
That I should've never thought of you, of you
You're pushing and pulling me down to you
But I don't know what I want
No, I don't know what I want
You got it you got it
Some kind of magic
Hypnotic hypnotic
You're leaving me breathless
Say "hate this" say "hate this"
You're not the one I believe in
Well, God is my witness
Now when I caught myself
I had to stop myself
From saying something
That I should've never thought
Now when I caught myself
I had to stop myself
From saying something
That I should've never thought of you, of you
You're pushing and pulling me down to you
But I don't know what I want
No, I don't know what I want
Don't know what I want
But I know that it's not you
Keep pushing and pulling me down
But I know in my heart that is not you
Now when I caught myself
I had to stop myself
From saying something
That I should've never thought
Now when I caught myself
I had to stop myself
From saying something
That I should've never thought of you
I knew, I know in my heart it's not you
I know, but now I know what I want
I want I want
Oh no, I've should have never thought
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Navy challenge coins tend to be substantive elements of historiography. utilized to amortize those which help their countries in the military and to honor people employing remarkable records of skills, the small tokens of admiration date back to early World War I where they were given to a modest class of soldiers.
Thanks to their versatility, http://www.challengecoinsplus.com/ have been conceived for eachposition of the service and have been implemented as ways in which to foster others to be their most effective. Holders of the coins challenge each other to conclude specialized
responsibilities. If the individual being confronted refuses to settle up to their side of the covenant by churning out their battle group coin, they are preferred to pay for the challenger a round of beverages. If everybody encumbered in the challenge produces their unit's coin, the challenger has to pay for cocktails for them. Coins that have been modified and imposed into keychains and belt buckles usually do not count. The challenge coin really should be in its traditional manner to be accepted as valid.
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Kamis, 05 Mei 2011
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
Kalimat Langsung Dan Kalimat Tak Langsung
Bilamana reported speech menyatakan kata-kata yang sebenarnya, ini disebut direct speech (kalimat langsung). Kalimat-kalimat tersebut tidak dihubungkan oleh “that” melainkan harus ditandai dengan (tanda baca) koma.
Bilamana reported speech memberikan isi pokok kata-kata yang dipakai oleh si pembicara dan bukan kata-kata yang sebenarnya ini disebut indirect speech (kalimat tidak langsung). Dalam indirect speech kalimat-kalimat itu dihubungkan dengan kata “that”.
Bentuk waktu reporting verb tidak diubah, akan tetapi bentuk waktu reported speech harus diubah berdasarkan atas bentuk waktu reporting verb.
Dua cara perubahan bentuk waktu pada reported speech :
Peraturan I
Kalau reporting verb itu past tense, bentuk waktu kata kerja dalam reported speech itu harus diubah ke dalam salah satu dari empat bentuk past tense.
Direct Speech - Indirect Speech
Simple present - menjadi - Simple past
He said ” The woman comes “ He said that the woman came
Dari contoh di atas dapat disimpulkan perubahan untuk bentuk waktu dari reported speech sebagai berikut :
Direct Speech Indirect speech
Simple present Simple past
Present continuous Past continuous
Present perfect Past perfect
Present perfect continuous Past perfect continuous
Simple past Past perfect
Past continuous Past perfect continuous
Future Past future
Present Past
Peraturan II
1. Bila reported speech kalimat berita
Dengan peraturan ini reporting verb dianggap dalam present atau future tense tertentu dan kapan saja ini terjadi, bentuk waktu dari kata kerja dalam reported speech tidak diubah sama sekali dalam mengubah direct menjadi indirect speech.
Reporting verb - Reported speech
Present tense - Any tense (bentuk waktu apapun)
Direct : She says to her friend, ” I have been writing “.
Indirect : She says to her friend that he has been writing. (tidak berubah)
Direct : She has told you, ” I am reading “.
Indirect : She has told you that he is reading. (tidak berubah)
Direct : She will say, ” You have done wrongly “.
Indirect : She will tell you that you have done wrongly. (tidak berubah)
Direct : She will say,” The boy wasn’t lazy “.
Indirect : She will tell them that the boy wasn’t lazy. (tidak berubah)
2. Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat tanya
a. Reporting verb say atau tell diubah menjadi ask atau inquire. Dengan mengulangi kata tanya dan mengubah tenses jika pertanyaannya dimulai dengan kata tanya diberitakan.
Direct
He said to me, “Where are you going?”
He said to me, “What are you doing?”
Indirect
He asked me where I was going
He inquired of me what I was doing
b. Dengan menggunakan if atau whether sebagai penghubung antara reporting verb dan reported speech dan mengubah tenses, jika pertanyaannya dimulai dengan kata kerja diberitakan :
Direct
He said to me, “Are you going
away today?”
He asked me , “can you come along?”
Indirect
He asked me whether I was
going away that day.
He asked me if I could come along.
3. Kalimat perintah (imperative sentences)
Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat perintah, reporting verb say atau tell harus diubah menjadi kata kerja tertentu yang menandakan :
· Command (perintah), misalnya ordered, commanded, dsb yang berarti menyuruh, memerintahkan.
· Precept (petunjuk, bimbingan, didikan), misalnya advised yang berarti menasehati.
· Request (permohonan), misalnya asked yang berarti meminta, memohon.
· Entreaty (permohonan yang sangat mendesak), misalnya begged yang berarti meminta, memohon (dengan sangat).
· Prohibition (larangan), misalnya forbade yang berarti melarang.
Dalam perubahannya dari kalimat langsung menjadi kalimat tidak langsung, modus imperatif harus diganti dengan infinitif. Tegasnya, reported verb (kata kerja yang diberitakan atau kata kerja dalam reported speech) harus diubah menjadi infinitive with to.
a. Command :
Direct : He said to his servant, “Go away at once!”
Indirect :He ordered his servant to go away at once
b. Precept :
Direct : She said to her son, “Study hard!”
Indirect : He advised her son to study hard
c. Request :
Direct : He said to his friend, “Please lend me your pen!”
Indirect : He asked his friend to be kind enough to lend him his pencil
d. Entreaty :
Direct : He said to his master, “Pardon me, sir”
Indirect: He begged his master to pardon him.
e. Prohibition :
Direct : She said to her daughter, “Don’t go there”
Indirect : She forbade her daughter to go there
Kalau reporting verb say atau tell diubah menjadi reported verb ask, order, command dsb (tapi jika bukan forbid), predikatnya diubah ke dalam infinitive with to yang didahului oleh not atau no + infinitive with to.
Direct : She said to her daughter, “Don’t go there”
Indirect : She asked herdaughter not to go there.
4. Kalimat seru (exclamatory sentences)
Bilamana reported speech terdiri dari kalimat seru atau kalimat optatif, reporting verb say atau tell harus diubah menjadi kata kerja tertentu yang semacam itu seperti exclaim, cry out, pray dsb.
a. Exclamatory sentences
Direct : He said, “Hurrah! My old friend has come”
Indirect : He exclaimed with joy that his old friend had come.
b. Optative sentences (kalimat yang menyatakan harapan, pujian, dsb)
Direct : He said, “God bless you, my dear son “
Indirect : He prayed that God would bless his dear son
Kalimat Langsung Dan Kalimat Tak Langsung
Bilamana reported speech menyatakan kata-kata yang sebenarnya, ini disebut direct speech (kalimat langsung). Kalimat-kalimat tersebut tidak dihubungkan oleh “that” melainkan harus ditandai dengan (tanda baca) koma.
Bilamana reported speech memberikan isi pokok kata-kata yang dipakai oleh si pembicara dan bukan kata-kata yang sebenarnya ini disebut indirect speech (kalimat tidak langsung). Dalam indirect speech kalimat-kalimat itu dihubungkan dengan kata “that”.
Bentuk waktu reporting verb tidak diubah, akan tetapi bentuk waktu reported speech harus diubah berdasarkan atas bentuk waktu reporting verb.
Dua cara perubahan bentuk waktu pada reported speech :
Peraturan I
Kalau reporting verb itu past tense, bentuk waktu kata kerja dalam reported speech itu harus diubah ke dalam salah satu dari empat bentuk past tense.
Direct Speech - Indirect Speech
Simple present - menjadi - Simple past
He said ” The woman comes “ He said that the woman came
Dari contoh di atas dapat disimpulkan perubahan untuk bentuk waktu dari reported speech sebagai berikut :
Direct Speech Indirect speech
Simple present Simple past
Present continuous Past continuous
Present perfect Past perfect
Present perfect continuous Past perfect continuous
Simple past Past perfect
Past continuous Past perfect continuous
Future Past future
Present Past
Peraturan II
1. Bila reported speech kalimat berita
Dengan peraturan ini reporting verb dianggap dalam present atau future tense tertentu dan kapan saja ini terjadi, bentuk waktu dari kata kerja dalam reported speech tidak diubah sama sekali dalam mengubah direct menjadi indirect speech.
Reporting verb - Reported speech
Present tense - Any tense (bentuk waktu apapun)
Direct : She says to her friend, ” I have been writing “.
Indirect : She says to her friend that he has been writing. (tidak berubah)
Direct : She has told you, ” I am reading “.
Indirect : She has told you that he is reading. (tidak berubah)
Direct : She will say, ” You have done wrongly “.
Indirect : She will tell you that you have done wrongly. (tidak berubah)
Direct : She will say,” The boy wasn’t lazy “.
Indirect : She will tell them that the boy wasn’t lazy. (tidak berubah)
2. Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat tanya
a. Reporting verb say atau tell diubah menjadi ask atau inquire. Dengan mengulangi kata tanya dan mengubah tenses jika pertanyaannya dimulai dengan kata tanya diberitakan.
Direct
He said to me, “Where are you going?”
He said to me, “What are you doing?”
Indirect
He asked me where I was going
He inquired of me what I was doing
b. Dengan menggunakan if atau whether sebagai penghubung antara reporting verb dan reported speech dan mengubah tenses, jika pertanyaannya dimulai dengan kata kerja diberitakan :
Direct
He said to me, “Are you going
away today?”
He asked me , “can you come along?”
Indirect
He asked me whether I was
going away that day.
He asked me if I could come along.
3. Kalimat perintah (imperative sentences)
Bila reported speech merupakan kalimat perintah, reporting verb say atau tell harus diubah menjadi kata kerja tertentu yang menandakan :
· Command (perintah), misalnya ordered, commanded, dsb yang berarti menyuruh, memerintahkan.
· Precept (petunjuk, bimbingan, didikan), misalnya advised yang berarti menasehati.
· Request (permohonan), misalnya asked yang berarti meminta, memohon.
· Entreaty (permohonan yang sangat mendesak), misalnya begged yang berarti meminta, memohon (dengan sangat).
· Prohibition (larangan), misalnya forbade yang berarti melarang.
Dalam perubahannya dari kalimat langsung menjadi kalimat tidak langsung, modus imperatif harus diganti dengan infinitif. Tegasnya, reported verb (kata kerja yang diberitakan atau kata kerja dalam reported speech) harus diubah menjadi infinitive with to.
a. Command :
Direct : He said to his servant, “Go away at once!”
Indirect :He ordered his servant to go away at once
b. Precept :
Direct : She said to her son, “Study hard!”
Indirect : He advised her son to study hard
c. Request :
Direct : He said to his friend, “Please lend me your pen!”
Indirect : He asked his friend to be kind enough to lend him his pencil
d. Entreaty :
Direct : He said to his master, “Pardon me, sir”
Indirect: He begged his master to pardon him.
e. Prohibition :
Direct : She said to her daughter, “Don’t go there”
Indirect : She forbade her daughter to go there
Kalau reporting verb say atau tell diubah menjadi reported verb ask, order, command dsb (tapi jika bukan forbid), predikatnya diubah ke dalam infinitive with to yang didahului oleh not atau no + infinitive with to.
Direct : She said to her daughter, “Don’t go there”
Indirect : She asked herdaughter not to go there.
4. Kalimat seru (exclamatory sentences)
Bilamana reported speech terdiri dari kalimat seru atau kalimat optatif, reporting verb say atau tell harus diubah menjadi kata kerja tertentu yang semacam itu seperti exclaim, cry out, pray dsb.
a. Exclamatory sentences
Direct : He said, “Hurrah! My old friend has come”
Indirect : He exclaimed with joy that his old friend had come.
b. Optative sentences (kalimat yang menyatakan harapan, pujian, dsb)
Direct : He said, “God bless you, my dear son “
Indirect : He prayed that God would bless his dear son
Jumat, 01 April 2011
Article about Active and Passive
Theory about active and passive sentence
- Active voice is the sentence that accompanied the transitive verb with the subject in front of verbs such as actors who perform an act.
- Passive voice is a form of the verb phrase that accompanied the three (Past Participle) describe the thing done (by the perpetrator)
Example active sentence
1. We eat rice every day
2. You drink milk every day
3. They lock the gate every night
4. The Teacher is explaining the lessons
5. The Students is writing a story
Example passive sentence
1. Rice is eaten every day
2. Milk is drunk every day
3. The gate is locked every night by them
4. The lessons is being explained by teacher
5. A story is written by the students
Article about Active and Passive
MUSIC
Whether you admit it or not, music imbeds our daily life, weaving its beauty and emotion through our thoughts, activities and memories. So if you're interested in music theory, music appreciation, Beethoven, Mozart, or other composers, artists and performers, we hope you'll spend some time with here and learn from these music articles of note for all ages and tastes.
When I first started studying the history of music, I did not realize what I was getting into. I had thought that music history was somewhat of a trivial pursuit. In fact, I only took my history of classical music class because I needed the credits. I did not realize how completely fascinating music history is. You see, in our culture many of us do not really learn to understand music. For much of the world, music is a language, but for us it is something that we consumed passively. When I began to learn about the history of Western music, however, it changed all that for me. I have had some experience playing musical instruments, but I have never mastered one enough to really understand what music is all about. This class showed me.
When most of us think about the history of music, we think of the history of rock music. We assume that the history is simple because the music is simple. In fact, neither is the case. The history of music, whether you're talking about classical music, rock music, jazz music, or any other kind, is always complicated. New chord structures are introduced bringing with them new ways of understanding the world. New rhythmic patterns are introduced, bringing with them new ways of understanding time. And music reflects all of it.
Even when the class was over, I could not stop learning about the history of music. It had whetted my appetite, and I wanted more. I got all the music history books that I could find. I even began to research forms of music that had not interested me before in the hopes of enhancing my musical knowledge further. Although I was in school studying toward something very different – a degree in engineering – I had thought about giving it up and going back to get a degree in musicology. That is how much I am fascinated by the subject.
If you have never taken a course in the history of music, you don't know what you are missing out on. The radio will never sound the same to you again. Everything will seem much more rich, much more luminous, and much more important. A new song can reflect a new way of being, and a new way of imagining life in the world. This is what learning about the history of music means to many of us.
- Active voice is the sentence that accompanied the transitive verb with the subject in front of verbs such as actors who perform an act.
- Passive voice is a form of the verb phrase that accompanied the three (Past Participle) describe the thing done (by the perpetrator)
Example active sentence
1. We eat rice every day
2. You drink milk every day
3. They lock the gate every night
4. The Teacher is explaining the lessons
5. The Students is writing a story
Example passive sentence
1. Rice is eaten every day
2. Milk is drunk every day
3. The gate is locked every night by them
4. The lessons is being explained by teacher
5. A story is written by the students
Article about Active and Passive
MUSIC
Whether you admit it or not, music imbeds our daily life, weaving its beauty and emotion through our thoughts, activities and memories. So if you're interested in music theory, music appreciation, Beethoven, Mozart, or other composers, artists and performers, we hope you'll spend some time with here and learn from these music articles of note for all ages and tastes.
When I first started studying the history of music, I did not realize what I was getting into. I had thought that music history was somewhat of a trivial pursuit. In fact, I only took my history of classical music class because I needed the credits. I did not realize how completely fascinating music history is. You see, in our culture many of us do not really learn to understand music. For much of the world, music is a language, but for us it is something that we consumed passively. When I began to learn about the history of Western music, however, it changed all that for me. I have had some experience playing musical instruments, but I have never mastered one enough to really understand what music is all about. This class showed me.
When most of us think about the history of music, we think of the history of rock music. We assume that the history is simple because the music is simple. In fact, neither is the case. The history of music, whether you're talking about classical music, rock music, jazz music, or any other kind, is always complicated. New chord structures are introduced bringing with them new ways of understanding the world. New rhythmic patterns are introduced, bringing with them new ways of understanding time. And music reflects all of it.
Even when the class was over, I could not stop learning about the history of music. It had whetted my appetite, and I wanted more. I got all the music history books that I could find. I even began to research forms of music that had not interested me before in the hopes of enhancing my musical knowledge further. Although I was in school studying toward something very different – a degree in engineering – I had thought about giving it up and going back to get a degree in musicology. That is how much I am fascinated by the subject.
If you have never taken a course in the history of music, you don't know what you are missing out on. The radio will never sound the same to you again. Everything will seem much more rich, much more luminous, and much more important. A new song can reflect a new way of being, and a new way of imagining life in the world. This is what learning about the history of music means to many of us.
Teori kalimat aktif dan pasif
TEORI AKTIF DAN PASIF
Teori kalimat aktif dan pasif
Kalimat Pasif adalah kalimat yang diawali dengan imbuhan "di-" atau
"ter-" dalam Bahasa Indonesia. Namun secara umum, Kalimat Pasif Bahasa
Inggris dibentuk dengan menambahkan "tobe" sebelum "V3" atau "be + V3".
Walaupun menurut statistik bahwa Kalimat Pasif mendominasi sekitar 60%
dalam Bahasa Inggris, namun kita harus tahu, kapan kita menggunakan
Kalimat Pasif. Fungsinya adalah sebagai berikut:
* Menunjukkan pokok pembicaraan, bukan apa yang dilakukan.
1. The passive is used ...
Focus nya adalah "The passive", bukan siapa yg menggunakannya.
2. The house was built in 1654:
Focus nya adalah "the house", bukan siapa yang membangunnya.
3. The road is being repaired:
Focusnya adalah "the road", bukan siapa yang memperbaikinya.
Fungsi
pertama ini ingin menunjukkan bahwa yang paling penting dari yang ingin
kita sampaikan sebenarnya berposisi sebagai Objek, namun karena kita
ingin menekankan Objek tersebut, maka kita boleh menggunakan kalimat
Pasif.
* Silahkan gunakan Kalimat Pasif apabila Anda tidak tahu siapa yang melakukan suatu kegiatan.
1. I noticed that a window had been left open.
2. Every year people are killed on our roads.
* Atau Kalimat Pasif dapat Anda gunakan apabila Anda yakin betul,
orang yang kita ajak bicara sudah mengerti siapa Subjek atau orang yang
melakukan pekerjaan yang kita sebutkan.
Teori kalimat aktif dan pasif
Kalimat Pasif adalah kalimat yang diawali dengan imbuhan "di-" atau
"ter-" dalam Bahasa Indonesia. Namun secara umum, Kalimat Pasif Bahasa
Inggris dibentuk dengan menambahkan "tobe" sebelum "V3" atau "be + V3".
Walaupun menurut statistik bahwa Kalimat Pasif mendominasi sekitar 60%
dalam Bahasa Inggris, namun kita harus tahu, kapan kita menggunakan
Kalimat Pasif. Fungsinya adalah sebagai berikut:
* Menunjukkan pokok pembicaraan, bukan apa yang dilakukan.
1. The passive is used ...
Focus nya adalah "The passive", bukan siapa yg menggunakannya.
2. The house was built in 1654:
Focus nya adalah "the house", bukan siapa yang membangunnya.
3. The road is being repaired:
Focusnya adalah "the road", bukan siapa yang memperbaikinya.
Fungsi
pertama ini ingin menunjukkan bahwa yang paling penting dari yang ingin
kita sampaikan sebenarnya berposisi sebagai Objek, namun karena kita
ingin menekankan Objek tersebut, maka kita boleh menggunakan kalimat
Pasif.
* Silahkan gunakan Kalimat Pasif apabila Anda tidak tahu siapa yang melakukan suatu kegiatan.
1. I noticed that a window had been left open.
2. Every year people are killed on our roads.
* Atau Kalimat Pasif dapat Anda gunakan apabila Anda yakin betul,
orang yang kita ajak bicara sudah mengerti siapa Subjek atau orang yang
melakukan pekerjaan yang kita sebutkan.
Kamis, 24 Februari 2011
Articles Adverbial Clause
Articles Adverbial Clause
Sharpening Tips Vocal Voice Through Sport - A lot of it among friends2 who want to learn if Les Vocal / Sound Arts Learning wanting ato can sing ..? Well, here I have some tips that I get from that experienced in vocal orang2 or more understanding of Vocal Course.
You can also join Les Arts Vocal or Voice in the Community Development Course Art Voice.
To start the Learning Music or Sound Arts Learning exercise is good that there are some things to note:
1. Relax.
The entire body from head to toe should be given training so relaxed.
For example:
take a breath slowly, then exhale. Repeated regularly.
It could also blow away when you bend over the body (like the bow position of prayer time, but the head did not look forward, but down (even a little look in the rear pass under both feet), juntaikan hands down. Shaken let you relax. (Second position soles of the feet straight ahead with a span distance between the two.
Then slowly rise, lift your body, but the fulcrum force through the back. So you would feel if your spine is slowly rising to the top ngikutin your body that come up. During the process you breathe regularly. (If there is your friend, he could massage her back while your body up toward the upright position.
That was very helpful relaxation process.
2. Train the jaw with a vowel letters and consonant. Remember, the jaw must be relaxed.
A I U E O
diafraghma exercise:
a K-K-Ch-ch-th-Shhh. with a fast tempo.
ho-ho-ho ... ha-ha-ha
Then exercise nasal area (nose):
"It was her" to really emphasize the shrill voice of the nose.
Then practice lip
sing scales with lips pressed together so the sound will
"Brrrrr-brrrr-Brrr, Brrr"
sing scales, arpeggios, in staccato (broken) and Legato.
Tongue exercises
"La-la-la. ra ra ra, tatata. "
(Let ga bored can all wear trainers all scales, arpeggios.)
3. And when it was relaxed, you can just sing.
When singing, should the concentration of the target tone. Breath control must be regularly and properly power.
To be better I suggest to Les Arts Sound Art Sound or Course trained its own. Les Les Arts Vocal or Voice helpful for you who want to deepen Course Learning Music or Voice and Vocal Lessons
Sharpening Tips Vocal Voice Through Sport - A lot of it among friends2 who want to learn if Les Vocal / Sound Arts Learning wanting ato can sing ..? Well, here I have some tips that I get from that experienced in vocal orang2 or more understanding of Vocal Course.
You can also join Les Arts Vocal or Voice in the Community Development Course Art Voice.
To start the Learning Music or Sound Arts Learning exercise is good that there are some things to note:
1. Relax.
The entire body from head to toe should be given training so relaxed.
For example:
take a breath slowly, then exhale. Repeated regularly.
It could also blow away when you bend over the body (like the bow position of prayer time, but the head did not look forward, but down (even a little look in the rear pass under both feet), juntaikan hands down. Shaken let you relax. (Second position soles of the feet straight ahead with a span distance between the two.
Then slowly rise, lift your body, but the fulcrum force through the back. So you would feel if your spine is slowly rising to the top ngikutin your body that come up. During the process you breathe regularly. (If there is your friend, he could massage her back while your body up toward the upright position.
That was very helpful relaxation process.
2. Train the jaw with a vowel letters and consonant. Remember, the jaw must be relaxed.
A I U E O
diafraghma exercise:
a K-K-Ch-ch-th-Shhh. with a fast tempo.
ho-ho-ho ... ha-ha-ha
Then exercise nasal area (nose):
"It was her" to really emphasize the shrill voice of the nose.
Then practice lip
sing scales with lips pressed together so the sound will
"Brrrrr-brrrr-Brrr, Brrr"
sing scales, arpeggios, in staccato (broken) and Legato.
Tongue exercises
"La-la-la. ra ra ra, tatata. "
(Let ga bored can all wear trainers all scales, arpeggios.)
3. And when it was relaxed, you can just sing.
When singing, should the concentration of the target tone. Breath control must be regularly and properly power.
To be better I suggest to Les Arts Sound Art Sound or Course trained its own. Les Les Arts Vocal or Voice helpful for you who want to deepen Course Learning Music or Voice and Vocal Lessons
Pengertian Adverbial Clausa
Adverbial Clause adalah Clause (anak kalimat) yang berfungsi sebagai Adverb, yakni menerangkan kata kerja.
Adverbial Clause biasanya diklasifikasikan berdasarkan "arti/maksud" dari Conjunction (kata penghubung yang mendahuluinya).
Jenis-jenis Adverbial Clause antara lain:
1. Clause of Time
Clause yang menunjukkan waktu. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung), seperti after, before, no sooner, while as, dll.
Contoh:
• Shut the door before you go out.
• You may begin when(ever) you are ready.
• While he was walking home, he saw an accident.
• By the time I arrive, Alex will have left.
• No sooner had she entered than he gave an order.
2. Clause of Place
Clause yang menunjukkan tempat. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction seperti where, nowhere, anywhere, wherever, dll.
Contoh:
• They sat down wherever they could find empty seats
• The guard stood where he was positioned.
• Where there is a will, there is a way.
• Where there is poverty, there we find discontent and unrest.
• Go where you like.
3. Clause of Contrast (or Concession)
Clause yang menunjukkan adanya pertentangan antara dua kejadian atau peristiwa yang saling berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti although, though, even though, whereas, even if, in spite of, as the time, dll.
Contoh:
• As the time you were sleeping, we were working hard.
• Mary wanted to stop, whereas I wanted to go on.
• Although it is late, we'll stay a little longer.
• He is very friendly, even if he is a clever student.
4. Clause of Manner
Clause yang menunjukkan cars bagaimana suatu pekerjaan dilakukan atau peristiwa terjadi. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti as, how, like, in that, dll.
Contoh:
• He did as I told him.
• You may finish it how you like.
• They may beat us again, like they did in 1978.
5. Clause of Purpose and Result
Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan maksud/tujuan dan hasil. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan kata penghubung seperti (in order) that, so that, in the hope that, to the end that, lest, in case, dll.
Contoh:
• They went to the movie early (in order) to find the best seats.
• She bought a book so (that) she could learn English
• He is saving his money so that he may take a long vacation.
• I am working night and day in the hope that I can finish this book soon.
6. Clause of Cause and Effect
Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan sebab dan akibat. Ada beberapa pola membentuk Clause jenis ini. Perhatikan baik-baik.
Contoh:
• Ryan ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record.
• It was so cold yesterday that I didn't want to swim.
• The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more.
• The student had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class.
Contoh:
• The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own baseball team.
• I had so few job offers that it wasn't difficult to select one.
Contoh:
• He has invested so much money in the project that he cannot abandon it now.
• The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat.
Contoh:
• It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors. ATAU It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors.
• It was such an interesting book that he couldn't put it down. ATAU It was so interesting a book that he couldn't put it down.
Contoh:
• She has such exceptional abilities that everyone is jealous of her.
• They are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one.
• Perry has had such bad luck that he's decided not to gamble.
• This is such difficult homework that I will never finish it.
________________________________________
Di samping itu, untuk mengungkapkan hubungan cause and effect (sebab dan akibat) dapat digunakan pola lain, yaitu:
1. Menggunakan Preposition (kata depan) seperti because of, due to, due to the fact that, dll
Contoh:
• Because of the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home because of the cold weather)
• Due to the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the cold weather)
• Due to the fact that the weather was cold, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the fact that the weather was cold)
2. Menggunakan kata penghubung (conjunction) seperti because, since, now, that, as, as long as, inasmuch as
Contoh:
• Because he was sleepy, he went to bed.
• Since he's not interested in classical music, he decided not to go to the concert.
• As she had nothing in particular to do, she called up a friend and asked her if she wanted to take in a movie.
• Inasmuch as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement, the possibilities for peace are still remote.
3. Menggunakan transition words seperti therefore, consequently.
Contoh:
• Alex failed the test because he didn't study.
• Alex didn't study. Therefore, he failed the test.
• Alex didn't study. Consequently, he failed the test.
Catatan:
Beberapa Adverb Clause dapat diubah menjadi Modifying Phrases dengan cara:
1) Menghilangkan subjek dari dependent Clause dan verb (be).
Contoh:
a. ADVERB CLAUSE : While I was walking to class, I ran into an old friend.
b. MODIFYING PHRASE : While walking to class, I ran into an old friend.
2) Jika dalam Adverb Clause tidak ada be, hilangkanlah subjek dan ubahlah verb dalam Adverb Clause itu menjadi bentuk -ing.
Contoh:
a. ADVERB CLAUSE : Before I left for work, I ate breakfast.
b. MODIFYING PHRASE : Before leaving for work, I ate breakfast.
Adverb Clause dapat diubah menjadi Modifying Phrase jika subjek dari adverb Clause dan subjek dari main Clause sama.
Contoh:
1. Dapat Dirubah
• While I was sitting in class, I fell asleep MENJADI While sitting in class, I fell asleep.
• While Ann was sitting in class, she fell asleep MENJADI While sitting in class, Ann fell asleep.
• Since Mary came to this country, she has made many friends MENJADI Since coming to this country, Mary has made many friends.
2. Tidak Dapat Dirubah
• While the teacher was lecturing to the class, I fell asleep.
• While we were walking home, a frog hopped across the road in front of us.
7. Clause of Condition
Clause yang menunjukkan adanya persyaratan antara dua kejadian (peristiwa) yang berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunctions seperti if, even if, unless, in the even that, or in even that, in case, provided (that), providing (that), on condition that, if only, suppose (that), supposing (that), dll.
Contoh:
• If I see him, I will invite him to the party tomorrow.
• She would forgive her husband everything, if only he would come back to her.
• Suppose (that) your house burns down, do you have enough insurance to cover such a loss.
• In case a robbery occurs in the hotel, the management must be notified at once.
• The company will agree to arbitration on condition (that) the strike is called off at once.
• We should be able to do the job for you quickly, provided (that) you give us all the necessary information.
Adverbial Clause biasanya diklasifikasikan berdasarkan "arti/maksud" dari Conjunction (kata penghubung yang mendahuluinya).
Jenis-jenis Adverbial Clause antara lain:
1. Clause of Time
Clause yang menunjukkan waktu. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung), seperti after, before, no sooner, while as, dll.
Contoh:
• Shut the door before you go out.
• You may begin when(ever) you are ready.
• While he was walking home, he saw an accident.
• By the time I arrive, Alex will have left.
• No sooner had she entered than he gave an order.
2. Clause of Place
Clause yang menunjukkan tempat. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction seperti where, nowhere, anywhere, wherever, dll.
Contoh:
• They sat down wherever they could find empty seats
• The guard stood where he was positioned.
• Where there is a will, there is a way.
• Where there is poverty, there we find discontent and unrest.
• Go where you like.
3. Clause of Contrast (or Concession)
Clause yang menunjukkan adanya pertentangan antara dua kejadian atau peristiwa yang saling berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti although, though, even though, whereas, even if, in spite of, as the time, dll.
Contoh:
• As the time you were sleeping, we were working hard.
• Mary wanted to stop, whereas I wanted to go on.
• Although it is late, we'll stay a little longer.
• He is very friendly, even if he is a clever student.
4. Clause of Manner
Clause yang menunjukkan cars bagaimana suatu pekerjaan dilakukan atau peristiwa terjadi. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti as, how, like, in that, dll.
Contoh:
• He did as I told him.
• You may finish it how you like.
• They may beat us again, like they did in 1978.
5. Clause of Purpose and Result
Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan maksud/tujuan dan hasil. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan kata penghubung seperti (in order) that, so that, in the hope that, to the end that, lest, in case, dll.
Contoh:
• They went to the movie early (in order) to find the best seats.
• She bought a book so (that) she could learn English
• He is saving his money so that he may take a long vacation.
• I am working night and day in the hope that I can finish this book soon.
6. Clause of Cause and Effect
Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan sebab dan akibat. Ada beberapa pola membentuk Clause jenis ini. Perhatikan baik-baik.
Contoh:
• Ryan ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record.
• It was so cold yesterday that I didn't want to swim.
• The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more.
• The student had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class.
Contoh:
• The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own baseball team.
• I had so few job offers that it wasn't difficult to select one.
Contoh:
• He has invested so much money in the project that he cannot abandon it now.
• The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat.
Contoh:
• It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors. ATAU It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors.
• It was such an interesting book that he couldn't put it down. ATAU It was so interesting a book that he couldn't put it down.
Contoh:
• She has such exceptional abilities that everyone is jealous of her.
• They are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one.
• Perry has had such bad luck that he's decided not to gamble.
• This is such difficult homework that I will never finish it.
________________________________________
Di samping itu, untuk mengungkapkan hubungan cause and effect (sebab dan akibat) dapat digunakan pola lain, yaitu:
1. Menggunakan Preposition (kata depan) seperti because of, due to, due to the fact that, dll
Contoh:
• Because of the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home because of the cold weather)
• Due to the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the cold weather)
• Due to the fact that the weather was cold, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the fact that the weather was cold)
2. Menggunakan kata penghubung (conjunction) seperti because, since, now, that, as, as long as, inasmuch as
Contoh:
• Because he was sleepy, he went to bed.
• Since he's not interested in classical music, he decided not to go to the concert.
• As she had nothing in particular to do, she called up a friend and asked her if she wanted to take in a movie.
• Inasmuch as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement, the possibilities for peace are still remote.
3. Menggunakan transition words seperti therefore, consequently.
Contoh:
• Alex failed the test because he didn't study.
• Alex didn't study. Therefore, he failed the test.
• Alex didn't study. Consequently, he failed the test.
Catatan:
Beberapa Adverb Clause dapat diubah menjadi Modifying Phrases dengan cara:
1) Menghilangkan subjek dari dependent Clause dan verb (be).
Contoh:
a. ADVERB CLAUSE : While I was walking to class, I ran into an old friend.
b. MODIFYING PHRASE : While walking to class, I ran into an old friend.
2) Jika dalam Adverb Clause tidak ada be, hilangkanlah subjek dan ubahlah verb dalam Adverb Clause itu menjadi bentuk -ing.
Contoh:
a. ADVERB CLAUSE : Before I left for work, I ate breakfast.
b. MODIFYING PHRASE : Before leaving for work, I ate breakfast.
Adverb Clause dapat diubah menjadi Modifying Phrase jika subjek dari adverb Clause dan subjek dari main Clause sama.
Contoh:
1. Dapat Dirubah
• While I was sitting in class, I fell asleep MENJADI While sitting in class, I fell asleep.
• While Ann was sitting in class, she fell asleep MENJADI While sitting in class, Ann fell asleep.
• Since Mary came to this country, she has made many friends MENJADI Since coming to this country, Mary has made many friends.
2. Tidak Dapat Dirubah
• While the teacher was lecturing to the class, I fell asleep.
• While we were walking home, a frog hopped across the road in front of us.
7. Clause of Condition
Clause yang menunjukkan adanya persyaratan antara dua kejadian (peristiwa) yang berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunctions seperti if, even if, unless, in the even that, or in even that, in case, provided (that), providing (that), on condition that, if only, suppose (that), supposing (that), dll.
Contoh:
• If I see him, I will invite him to the party tomorrow.
• She would forgive her husband everything, if only he would come back to her.
• Suppose (that) your house burns down, do you have enough insurance to cover such a loss.
• In case a robbery occurs in the hotel, the management must be notified at once.
• The company will agree to arbitration on condition (that) the strike is called off at once.
• We should be able to do the job for you quickly, provided (that) you give us all the necessary information.